Express and Templates

Dr. Greg Bernstein

Updated March 21st, 2021

Express and Templates

Learning Objectives

Learn how template engines are used for server side rendering
Use Nunjucks template inheritance to produce many different templates while avoiding repetition
Use Nunjucks templates to render tables or lists from JavaScript arrays

References and Example Code

Express examples with simplest template example ExpressExamples.zip
Express Template Examples with inheritance ExpressTemplates.zip
Templating with Nunjucks
Template Inheritance in Nunjucks

Classic Server Side Rendering

Many web servers/frameworks keep site “information” in databases
This “information” is used to create web pages via Templates
This was one of the early uses of template systems in the web, other uses include static site generation, and client side rendering.

Express + Nunjucks

Express.js is an extremely popular JavaScript server framework.
Many template systems can work with Express.js
Nunjucks is very easy to use with Express.js

Nunjucks Template Example

From ExpressExamples.zip file templateEx.js

const express = require('express');
var app = express();
const nunjucks = require('nunjucks');
nunjucks.configure('templates', {
    autoescape: true,
    express: app
});
let host = '127.0.3.1'; // Choose a different loopback address
let port = '7373'; // Last digits of your NetID
let myName = 'Dr. B';

let info = {host: host, port: port, name: myName}

app.get('/', function (req, res) {
    res.render('hello.html', info);
});

app.listen(port, host, function () {
    console.log("Example app listening on IPv4: " + host +
    ":" + port);
});

Template File

From ExpressExamples.zip file /templates/hello.html

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="utf-8">
  <title>Hello {{name}}</title>
</head>
<body>
  <main>
    <h1>Hi  {{name}}</h1>
      <h2>Server Running on {{host}} and port {{port}}</h2>
        <p>That's it for now</p>
  </main>
</body>
</html>

Output

Creating a Website

Multiple Uses of Templates

HTML content creation from data.
Just hold some static HTML content including form information
Layout pages with: block substitution, site navigation, styling, etc…
Unlike with static site generators we may create a lot of templates to deal with items 1 and 2.

Nunjucks

Provides for HTML content creation via variable substitution, loops, conditionals etc.
Provides for page layout via block substitution and inheritance.

Example: Galactic Wind Tours

A poorly styled site to inspire you to do better!

Create “Layout” Template

Want common navigation and styling across pages
Need different meta information title, description for different pages. Create a block for this.
Need different contents for each page. Create a block for this.

`base.njk` Template

Note block definitions and names from /templates/base.njk in ExpressTemplates.zip

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset="utf-8">
        {% block metaStuff %}
            <title>Galactic Wind Tours</title>
        {% endblock %}
        <link href="tour.css" rel="stylesheet">
    </head>
    <body>
    <nav>
    <ul>
        <li><a href="/">Home</a></li>
        <li><a href="/Tours">Coming Tours</a></li>
        <li><a href="/NewsLetter">Newsletter Signup</a></li>
        <li><a href="/Login">Login</a></li>
        <li><a href="/about">About Us</a></li>
        <li><a href="/addTour">Add Tour</a></li>
    </ul>
    </nav>
    <main>
        {% block main %}{% endblock %}
    </main>
    </body>
</html>

An About Template

We create a template that extends and implements blocks in base.njk

{% extends "base.njk" %}

{% block metaStuff %}
    <title>About Us</title>
{% endblock %}

{% block main %}
    <h1 id="about-us">About Us</h1>
    <section>
    <h2 id="background">Background</h2>
    </section>

    <section>
    <h2 id="technical-stuff">Technical Stuff</h2>
    <p>Building Websites...</p>
    <p>Astronomy and Astrophysics...</p>
    </section>
{% endblock %}

Setting Up Our Server 1

Directory Structure

templates: directory where all templates including base.njk are kept.
public: directory where static assets are kept
.: root directory contains server program, mock data, package.json, etc…
node_modules: NPM packages

Setting Up Our Server 2

Initialization Code (tourServer.js)

const express = require('express');
var app = express();
app.use(express.static('public')); // static middleware
const nunjucks = require('nunjucks');
nunjucks.configure('templates', { // template directory
    autoescape: true,
    express: app
});

Serving About Page

Path is /about in the base.njk template.
All <a> links use GET method based requests
Handler in server:

app.get('/about', function(req, res){
    res.render('about.njk');
});

Data In Templates

Galactic Wind Tours offers two types of tours
Virtual Tours
Physical Tours

Sample Tour Data

{"virtTours": [
    {"name": "Kiting Neptune", "date": "Starting June 2022"},
    {"name": "Windsurfing the Methane Lakes of Titan", "date": "Starting December 2022"},
    {"name": "Kiting Jupiter's Great Red Spot", "date": "Starting June 2023"}
],

 "phyTours": [
     {"name": "Windsurf Foiling San Francisco Bay", "date": "May-September, Weekly by appointment"},
     {"name": "'Bump and Jump' Windsurfing in the South Bay", "date": "Wind watch based tour"},
     {"name": "Windsurf or Kite the Delta", "date": "Wind watch based tour"}
 ]
}

Tour Template

Renders tour data into HTML

{% extends "base.njk" %}

{% block metaStuff %}
<title>Current Tours</title>
{% endblock %}

{% block main %}
<h1 id="tours">Tours</h1>
<section>
    <h2 id="virtual-tours">Virtual Tours</h2>
    <ol>
        {%for tour in tours.virtTours %}
            <li>{{tour.name}} ({{tour.date}})</li>
        {% endfor %}
    </ol>
</section>

<section>
    <h2 id="physical-tours">Physical Tours</h2>
    <ol>
        {%for tour in tours.phyTours %}
            <li>{{tour.name}} ({{tour.date}})</li>
        {% endfor %}
    </ol>
</section>
{% endblock %}

Combining Data with Template

Server code

const tours = require('./tours.json');

app.get('/Tours', function(req, res){
    res.render('Tours.njk', {tours: tours});
});

Rendered Tours Page

Form Processing

General Approach

Serving the page/template with the form
Processing form submission
Provide response to form submission

Newsletter Form Template

{% extends "base.njk" %}

{% block metaStuff %}
    <title>Newsletter Signup!</title>
{% endblock %}

{% block main %}
<h1>Galactic Wind Tours Newsletter</h1>
<section>
    <h2>Signup for our Newsletter</h2>
    <form action="newsSignup" method="GET">
    <fieldset class="newsletter">
        <legend>About You</legend>
    <div id="SignUp">
        <label>First Name</label><input type="text" name="fname"/>
        <label>Last Name</label><input type="text" name="lname" />
        <label>Email</label><input type="email" name="email"/>
        <label>How did you hear about us?</label>
        <select name="howHear">
            <option>Newpaper</option>
            <option>Facebook</option>
            <option>Radio</option>
            <option>Word of mouth</option>
        </select>
    </div>
        <button type="submit">Submit</button>
    </fieldset>
    </form>
</section>
{% endblock %}

Newletter Signup Handler

Server code to handle form submission

let newLetterSubs = []; // array to hold subscriber info
// This array would be replaced by database

app.get("/newsSignup", function(req, res){
    newLetterSubs.push(req.query);
    console.log(`News subscribers: ${JSON.stringify(newLetterSubs)}`);
    res.render("NewsThanks.njk", req.query);
});

Thank You Template

{% extends "base.njk" %}

{% block metaStuff %}
<title>Thanks for Signing up</title>
{% endblock %}

{% block main %}
<h1 id="about-us">Thanks for Signing up</h1>
<section>
    <h2>Subscribed</h2>
    <p>Thanks {{fname}} {{lname}} you've been subscribed to our
        newsletter.</p>
    <p>Also confirming that you heard about us from <em>{{howHear}}</em></p>

</section>
{% endblock %}

Express and Templates

Express and Templates

Learning Objectives

References and Example Code

Classic Server Side Rendering

Express + Nunjucks

Nunjucks Template Example

Template File

Output

Creating a Website

Multiple Uses of Templates

Nunjucks

Example: Galactic Wind Tours

Create “Layout” Template

`base.njk` Template

An About Template

Setting Up Our Server 1

Setting Up Our Server 2

Serving About Page

Data In Templates

Sample Tour Data

Tour Template

Combining Data with Template

Rendered Tours Page

Form Processing

Thank You Template

Rendered Signup Form

Rendered Thank You

Express and Templates

Express and Templates

Learning Objectives

References and Example Code

Classic Server Side Rendering

Express + Nunjucks

Nunjucks Template Example

Template File

Output

Creating a Website

Multiple Uses of Templates

Nunjucks

Example: Galactic Wind Tours

Create “Layout” Template

base.njk Template

An About Template

Setting Up Our Server 1

Setting Up Our Server 2

Serving About Page

Data In Templates

Sample Tour Data

Tour Template

Combining Data with Template

Rendered Tours Page

Form Processing

Newsletter Signup Example

Newsletter Form Template

Newletter Signup Handler

Thank You Template

Rendered Signup Form

Rendered Thank You

`base.njk` Template